Calmodulin (CaM), the member of EF-hand proteins superfamily, is a highly conserved eukaryotic Ca2+ sensor protein. Upon cellular stimulation, different mechanisms lead to transient intracellular increases in Ca2+ concentrations that initiate different protein activities. Most proteins are devoid of Ca2+ binding sites, requiring a mediator to respond to this cation. The ability to transmit conformational changes to a large and diverse array of proteins in response to Ca2+ oscillations, coordinating the activity of hundreds of proteins, makes calmodulin the most important Ca2+ signal transducer in eukaryotic cells. When Ca2+ binds to calmodulin it forms the Ca2+/calmodulin complex which then interacts with other proteins in the cell. These proteins are enzymes and effector proteins involved in a variety of cellular and physiological processes. The Ca2+/calmodulin complex can also regulate processes directly.
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