Metabolic Enzyme/Protease

Metabolic pathways are enzyme-mediated biochemical reactions that lead to biosynthesis (anabolism) or breakdown (catabolism) of natural product small molecules within a cell or tissue. In each pathway, enzymes catalyze the conversion of substrates into structurally similar products. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation. Metabolism maintains the living state of the cells and the organism.

Proteases are used throughout an organism for various metabolic processes. Proteases control a great variety of physiological processes that are critical for life, including the immune response, cell cycle, cell death, wound healing, food digestion, and protein and organelle recycling. On the basis of the type of the key amino acid in the active site of the protease and the mechanism of peptide bond cleavage, proteases can be classified into six groups: cysteine, serine, threonine, glutamic acid, aspartate proteases, as well as matrix metalloproteases. Proteases can not only activate proteins such as cytokines, or inactivate them such as numerous repair proteins during apoptosis, but also expose cryptic sites, such as occurs with β-secretase during amyloid precursor protein processing, shed various transmembrane proteins such as occurs with metalloproteases and cysteine proteases, or convert receptor agonists into antagonists and vice versa such as chemokine conversions carried out by metalloproteases, dipeptidyl peptidase IV and some cathepsins. In addition to the catalytic domains, a great number of proteases contain numerous additional domains or modules that substantially increase the complexity of their functions.

Imbalances in metabolic activities have been found to be critical in a number of pathologies, such as cardiovascular diseases, inflammation, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases.

Metabolic Enzyme/Protease 相关靶点

17β-HSD 11β-HSD 5 alpha Reductase Acetolactate Synthase (ALS) Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Adenosine Deaminase Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH) Aldose Reductase Antifolate Arginase COMT CSF & Receptors Deubiquitinase DGK Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase Epoxide Hydrolase FABP FTO Gutathione S-transferase HPPD Lipoxygenase Liposome LDLR MAT MTHFD MTP Mitochondrial Metabolism Monoamine Oxidase Neprilysin NO Synthase Phosphatase Prolyl Endopeptidase(PREP) Proteasome Pyroptosis RAR/RXR REV-ERB Ser/Thr Protease SHP2 Transketolase TrxR Amylases FBPase FOXO HIF/HIF Prolyl-Hydroxylase Hexokinase Glyoxalase (GLO) Amino Acid/Protein Metabolism Nucleic Acid Metabolism Endogenous Metabolite Glucosidase Acyltransferase 15-PGDH Glutathione Peroxidase ATP Citrate Lyase Ceramidase Adiponectin Receptor Dopamine β-hydroxylase Cathepsin Adenosine Kinase Angiotensin-converting Enzyme (ACE) ADAMTS Aminopeptidase Phosphodiesterase (PDE) Methylenetetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase (MTHFD) Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) HIV Integrase Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetase Cryptochrome Dipeptidyl Peptidase Drug Metabolite MMP PGC-1α RXR PAI-1 法尼基转移酶氨肽酶 NAMPT COX 脂肪酸合成酶(FAS) 黄嘌呤氧化酶凝血酶艾滋病毒整合酶 GSNOR IDO 磷酸二酯酶(PDE) CETP 蛋白酶体 HIF/HIF脯氨酰-羟化酶 PDHK 弹性蛋白酶 ATGL 组织蛋白酶盐皮质激素受体酪氨酸酶细胞色素P450 SGK Factor Xa 磷酸酶 FXR HIV蛋白酶 E1/E2/E3酶 SCD MAGL 血管紧张素转换酶(ACE) 酰基转移酶色氨酸羟化酶多巴胺β-羟化酶 HCV蛋白酶异柠檬酸脱氢酶(IDH) 二肽基肽酶 Enzyme Tools Dehydrogenase Squalene synthase Folate Analogue DGAT KRAS-PDEδ HLE CPT1 HMG-CoA Reductase Phospholipase Transferase DHFR P450 CYP3A/CYP450 Procollagen C Proteinase Carbonic Anhydrase MAO Neuronal Metabolism Cholesterol absorption monooxygenase C14ɑ demethylase TPH Saccharometabolism Glucokinase Enolase Oxidative Phosphorylation Lipid Metabolism PKM2 Hydrolase 12-Lipoxygenase 其他代谢相关 Amino acid metabolism Galactosidase MGL ornithine decarboxylase Transaminase Pyruvate kinase aldehyde dehydrogenase Renin Synthetases Hydroxylases Endopeptidase 肌醇磷酸酶 Inositol Phosphatases NADPH Oxidase Guanylyl Cyclase Cholinesterases Serine Protease 其他蛋白酶 Calpains HCV Protease NS3/4a protease DPP-4 Carboxypeptidase Urokinase Caspase DUB E2 conjugating E3 Ligase