Fluorescent Dye

荧光是一种光致发光的冷发光现象。光照射到某些原子时，光的能量使原子核周围的一些电子由原来的轨道跃迁到了能量更高的轨道，即从基态跃迁到第一激发单线态或第二激发单线态等。

第一激发单线态或第二激发单线态等是不稳定的，所以会恢复基态，当电子由第一激发单线态恢复到基态时，能量会以光的形式释放，所以产生荧光。荧光染料可通过共价结合或物理吸附在所要研究物质结构中，借助荧光特性对被标记对象进行定性、定位以及定量分析。

荧光染料具有无放射物污染、实验操作简便、容易观察等优点，使得荧光染料在蛋白质、核酸、细胞检测及免疫分析等方面显现出巨大潜能。

荧光染料已深入到药物学、生理学、环境科学、信息科学等诸多领域，在蛋白的功能研究、药物筛选等领域也具有广泛的应用。

Fluorescence is a phenomenon of photoluminescence in luminescence. When an atom is irradiated by light, some electrons around the nucleus jump from their original orbitals to higher energy orbitals under the influence of light energy, i.e., from the ground state to the first or second excited single-line state, etc. Due to the instability of the first or second excited singlet state, the electron returns from the excited singlet state to the ground state accompanied by released energy, resulting in fluorescence.

Fluorescent dyes can be covalently bound or physically adsorbed in the structure of the substance. The fluorescence properties allow for the characterization, localization and quantitative analysis of the labeled object. Fluorescent dyes have shown great potential for the detection of proteins, nucleic acids, cells, and immunoassays, attributed to the advantages in non-radioactive contamination, simple experimental operation and easy observation.

Fluorescent dyes have penetrated many fields such as pharmacology, physiology, environmental science, and information science, as well as functional studies of proteins and drug screening.

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